The Psychological Message Of Catcher In The free essay sample

Rye Essay, Research Paper The Psychological Message of J.D. Salinger? s The Catcher in the Rye A novel, like a film, is a signifier of amusement ; nevertheless, some novels do a great trade more than entertain. Some pack an emphasized psychological message. An illustration of such a publication is Mark Twain? s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In add-on, Ken Kasey? s One Flew Over the Cookoo? s Nest is a narrative with a comparable cardinal subject. J. D. Salinger? s The Catcher in the Rye is yet another case of a narrative with an influential psychological message. In kernel, it explains that the passage from childhood to adulthood can do legion defeats toward one? s friends, clash between one? s household, and most significantly, internal clangs within 1s self. First, while turning older, infinite people enjoy the legion new relationships they get throughout their big life ; unluckily, there are an exceeding few persons that dread the impression of doing associations with new folks and fright that old friendly relationships will be challenged during this altering point in one? s life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological Message Of Catcher In The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A really unaspiring character, Holden Caulfield barely attempts to keep relationships with his fellow schoolmates, anterior familiarities, and with characters with whom he has had romantic brushs. During the narrative, Holden becomes cognizant of the fact that his insensitive and unkind comments are doing him a deficiency of support from earlier comrades. Near the expiration of the novel, Holden comments that, ? About all I know is I kind of girl everybody I told about? ( Salinger 214 ) . Editor Leonard Unger interprets the old remark to bespeak that, ? This cognition, though it is casually presented, in the shutting lines of the book, is a hard, profound, and mature cognition that lies at the novel? s centre of gravitation? ( Unger 555 ) . Throughout the book, Holden systematically offends people due to his deficiency of societal fluidness. In one instance, Holden is on an afternoon jaunt with a character named Sally Hayes. During the class of the afternoon, Holden and Sally become closer friends and seem to bask each other? s company. Unfortunately, Holden ruins any chance of friendly relationship he may hold had with her because during a minute of defeat, he states, ? You give me a royal hurting in the buttocks, if you want to cognize the truth? ( Salinger 133 ) . Due to Holden? s moronic statements and pessimistic attitudes towards people, he begins to perforate the grownup universe with more antagonists th an Alliess. Second, while most adolescents undergo occasional family differences, a considerable sum of striplings besides understand that collaborating with household members is indispensable to do the passage into maturity advancement peacefully. While Holden behaviors himself headlong and irresponsibly, his younger sister, Phoebe Caulfield, frequently assumes the function as the anchor of the Caulfield household. Holden conveys that after he went place that he felt, ? so bloody happy, the manner Phoebe merely kept traveling about and about? ( Salinger 164 ) . Consequently, person who awards and cherishes his or her household, will stop up more mentally and emotionally secure. Even though loved 1s often make mistakes and may periodically be hinderences, household members mu st overlook these infinitesimal imperfectnesss. No other character ignores more defects than Phoebe Caulfield. It appears that the more mistakes Phoebe overlooks, the more Holden takes her for granted. Yet despite the fact that Phoebe is on a regular basis taken advantage of, her love for her brother is neer one time doubted. During the novel, when Holden is go forthing, Phoebe articulates, ? Why can? t I travel? Please Holden! I won? T do anything– I? ll merely travel with you, that? s all! I won? t even take my apparels with me if you don? T want me to†¦ ? ( Salinger 206 ) . Phoebe besides informs Holden, ? †¦I? m non traveling back to school. You can make what you want to make but I? m non traveling back to school. So unopen up. I? m traveling with you? ( Salinger 208 ) . When Phoebe reprimands her brother, her true colourss eventually begin to reflect through her unagitated exterior while showing her love for him. Author Warren Gallic reflects that, ? †¦afte r Phoebe pleads to run away with him, he must waive his ain flight to make what he can for her? ( Helterman 437 ) . Therefore, by encouragement, finding and worship, support from household members will help in 1s ripening. Third, assurance in 1s egos and the ability to stamp down negative constructs will bring forth more internal development. Holden Caulfield struggles to unearth his true individuality throughout the book. Editor Joyce Ross explains, ? Holden neer makes it clear if he is mentally ill, physically ill or emotionally ailing. Yet readers of this narrative recognize that he is more emotionally unstable than anything else? ( Ross 77 ) . Part of his emotional instability may come from the fact that his younger brother Allie died a few old ages before the narrative takes topographic point. Holden and Allie were purportedly great friends and Holden? s emotions were drastically severed when Allie passed off. During the book, Holden often mentions Allie as if he were still alive. Holden? s denial is one of the more evident indicants that he is genuinely psychologically imbalanced. Assurance is the chief constituent in the mechanisms of maturating. Holden neer obtains any confidence throughout the continuance of the novel. Critic Martin Seymour-Smith expresses that, ? Holden is non converting as an person? ( Seymour-Smith 325 ) . Holden? s shockable positions about human being are one consequence of his self-esteem lack. Another consequence are his inconsiderate statements about others. A individual? s assurance will mount higher if the individual goes into each twenty-four hours with an optimistic mentality about life. In decision, the passage from childhood to adulthood can do abundant struggles toward one? s friends, household feuds, and most significantly, it can trip one? s emotions to go significantly high or low. An single must obey the Golden Rule and envision merely affirmatory ideas towards others, if he or she would wish for the transition to adult life to be booming. J.D. Salinger portrays Holden Caulfield as a hapless, inconsiderate immature grownup that strives to happen himself and go a successful person. Critic Bernard Dekle indicates that, ? Salinger is possibly the greatest word weaver in American literary history? ( Riley 300 ) . Developing and booming as a individual are merely two of the legion privileges that a one gets to meet on the way to a happy, successful grownup life.

What is Sociologty and how does it differ from common sense essays

What is Sociologty and how does it differ from common sense essays What is Sociology and how does it differ from common sense? The Chambers dictionary definition of sociology is the study of the structure and functioning of human society. Human society and interactions have fascinated philosophers and social scientists for a very long time. However, the academic study of sociology is a fairly recent phenomenon. It was first defined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in the 1830s. He used it to describe his concept of a new science that would discover laws of human society resembling the laws of nature. It wasnt until the late 1880s that sociology was recognised as an academic discipline, when Emile Durkheim began teaching sociology at the Universities of Bordeaux and Paris. The greater interest in the structure of society is thought to have been provoked by increasing industrialisation, and certainly at the turn of the 20th Century, a large portion of sociological study and thought was focused in the USA, where immigration and mass industrialisation created a very interesting and exciting area of study. Society tends to have prescribed norms, and levels of acceptable behaviour which tend to change over time. Common sense is often how these are described, although most people tend not to acknowledge that our views of what is common sense are ever changing. For example, it was considered socially undesirable fifty years ago to be a single parent; now the vast majority of children in Britain are being raised in single parent households. It was also considered common sense that a child should be allowed to drink gin in the 19th century; now this is totally unacceptable. A common misconception is that women are instinctively nurturing, have a natural ability for parenting and are, except in very extreme cases (for example, of mental illness) incapable of violence towards their offspring. This is seen as common sense, with the vast majority of custody ca ...

Please Reply to at least 4 student with no more that 60 words plus 2 Coursework - 1

Please Reply to at least 4 student with no more that 60 words plus 2 references - Coursework Example elaborates the general output that are seen from the functions of so called informal leaders and their formal leaders counterparts (Herda-Rapp, 1998). Through the generalization of outputs, it was realized that leaders, be they formal or informal all are expected to come out with certain results and this is where their assessment should come from (Fawoud, 2009). The writer has a major strength in his presentation and this strength is judged from the amount of detail given in the background of the term informal leadership. Such detailed background made it easier to have a broader perspective of how informal leadership has affected social life (Fawoud, 2009). The wrier then built on the background to come to a conclusion that informal leadership and followship has all being about the need to achieve a common goal; and that this process ought to be supervised by one of the members of the group, who is the leader (Gardener, 2008). The writer used an important component of writing skills to make the distinction between informal leadership and followership clearly known. This component was the need to compare and contrast specific scenarios, where two different organizations were make the focus. Through the discussion, it was realized that everyone is a follower at one point in time or the other (Fawoud, 2009) and that leaders even become followers at a point because of the need to follow their own instructions (Gardener,

Taylor Branch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Taylor Branch - Essay Example Pillar of Fire explores the civil upheavals between the years 1960 and 1965. Mississippi Freedom Summer, Civil Rights Act of 1964, and LBJ’s Great Society; the book provides a clear portrait of Martin Luther King Jr. on how he was hunted by hatred, factionalism and black mail (Taylor 271). Taylor Branchs relationship with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is that Taylor has been working on hisbiography for many years. His books also chronicals the history of the civil rights movement, which was led by Dr. King. To explain the life and times of Dr. King, is like recounting a story of how America become a modern society, approximately 50 years ago after the start of the century. The century’s destiny was to ensure that civil equity announced in 1776 will be a reality. The novel begins and ends with violence; demonstrations occur in Fla, Selma and St. Augustine; President Kennedy is assassinated and the United States of America participates deeply in Vietnam, and Malcolm X disagreed with the Islam nation, this made him face assassination; and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The president thereafter began serious lobbying for the equally important 1965 Voting Rights. The author gives Dr. King epic treatment in the book, illustrating that he was a hero. During King’s life; the black Americans finished their movement from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party. 96% of black Americans voted for Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential elections. However, the quasi-feudal political structure in the south gave undue influence to the racists’ political leaders whose main purpose was to destroy King’s goals. Presidents Johnson’s support of the civil right legislations clearly dominates this book. King’s leadership faced a major obstacle of terror through racism. The author also explains in details the violence that

SIX STEPS OF MARKETING RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SIX STEPS OF MARKETING RESEARCH - Essay Example Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the methods for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes, and communicates the findings and their implications." (Introduction to Marketing Research) "Is collected for the first time. It is original and collected for a specific purpose, or to solve a specific problem. It is expensive, and time consuming, but is more focused than secondary research. There are many ways to conduct primary research. We consider some of them." (Introduction to Marketing Research) 2. Mystery Shopping: "Companies will set up mystery shopping campaigns on an organizations behalf. Often used in banking, retailing, travel, cafes and restaurants, and many other customers focused organizations, mystery shoppers will enter, posing as real customers. They collect data on customer service and the customer experience. Findings are reported back to the commissioning organization. There are many issues surrounding the ethics of such an approach to research." (Introduction to Marketing Research) Now what is means by 'Secondary Data Collection Procedure in Marketing Research According to a definition "is data which has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other than those of our particular research study. For example, if a government department has conducted a survey of, say, family food expenditures, then a food manufacturer might use this data in the organization's evaluations of the total potential market for a new product. Similarly, statistics prepared by a ministry on agricultural production will prove useful to a whole host of people and organizations, including those marketing agricultural supplies". (Secondary Source Information) However, in order to achieve this ob objective, there are certain ways as follows: 1. By applying the secondary data collection, sometimes it replaces primary sources, because the secondary data solves most of the problems facing. 2. A real secondary data is more simple and cheaper if compared with the primary data, while by applying the secondary gives more fruitful result than primary sources. 3. While adapting to collect information by applying secondary data, it consumes less time than adapting to primary source. 4. You can get more perfect and accurate information by adapting to secondary source, more than adapting

Culture Of Marina Bay Sands Of Singapore Cultural Studies Essay

Culture Of Marina Bay Sands Of Singapore Cultural Studies Essay Marina Bay Sands is located at 10 Bayfront Avenue that is in the heart of Singapore Central business district area. The building is a landmark to Singapores attractions. It is the newest destination for tourists from all around the world. Marina Bay Sands consists of three hotel-towers. Each tower is 55-storey and has more than 2,500 luxurious rooms in total. It is a one-stop attraction with high-class hotel, shopping, and many fine restaurants in the three hotel-towers itself. This place will definitely leave beautiful memories to visitors. Different Cultural Background One of the hardest communication malfunctions is having different cultural background staffs. Staffs came from many different countries. Some of the staffs may not be as sensitive to the others while working or even while communicating. This is a serious problem as it may provoke or irritates ones culture without realizing. As a result, working together may be very difficult as unhappiness may be consistent. Because of this, some staffs might be afraid to communicate with each other to avoid insulting other staffs cultures and this will highly increase the rate of communication break down between the staffs. Working Experiences As mention, many staffs came from different countries and in different countries, staffs were trained in different methods and ways. Staffs with different level of working experience make working together a big difficulty. Again, unhappiness may arise and communication will break down eventually. Although the work is the same, every different staffs may want to do in a way that they were taught and that would definitely not have the fullest result of their work. New employees are also put into consideration, as they have not much knowledge in their work yet. Blocked Mind There are certain staffs that have blocked mind. Blocked mind means that the person is unable to accept new things and always rejecting new ideas. When other staffs or higher management wants to do something new, opinions, attitudes and own beliefs starts to set in ones mind. People who have blocked mind are certainly a point that really affects the companys growth. Language Imperfections A place like Marina Bay Sands requires many staffs. They came from all over the world and one thing that causes communication breakdown seriously is their differences in language. Every staffs has this different standard of English language. Between the staffs, many might not understand each other that well due to the slangs and standards of the other staffs. A simple communication breakdown can lead to many problems either big or small. Eventually, staffs will start to communicate minimally so that miscommunication is avoided which is a wrong mentality. When staffs starts to avoid communicating with each other, information are not being able to pass correctly. Task 2b: Solutions to minimize (318 words including titles) Different Cultural Background There are many ways to minimize different cultural background problem. The company can organize simple lessons for every staff that would teach the different cultures to others so that every staffs can understand each other more and that will make their work more efficient and productive. The company can also categorize the same country staffs to work together to have minimal communication breakdown and that will certainly reduce the mistakes and time wasted. Working Experiences The solution to minimize working experiences problem is to give time to new employees to learn about their job scope. Company can also appoint mentors to new staffs to assist for the first few weeks so that the new staffs get more confident in their work and know what to do in their work. Again, the higher management can conduct lessons so that all employees will have a common working style and that will benefits the staff as well as the company. When all start to work together as one, company will achieves more. Blocked Mind The solution to minimize blocked mind is to listen to other ideas more. Allow everybody to give his or her own opinions and ideas. Personal improvements lessons can also be conducted to improve ones ability and potential so that they can release their full potential and abilities when they are working. Language Imperfections The solution to minimize the language imperfections problem is to ask secretary, colleagues, superiors or anyone in department to read the message before passing to a typist or fax operator. Alternatively, the sender can expand more information as much as possible. Be sure that the receiver fully understands. If you have received message from a person and found that it is difficult for you to understand, ask the sender immediately. As a result, communication breakdown can be minimized through all these methods. Task 3: Concept of Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism (723 words including titles) Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is a state of mind where the people in the society beliefs in their cultures with respect and superiority. They despise other cultures and thinks that their culture is the best. As a result, that leads them to become very narrow minded. Ethnocentrism not only has negative impacts but also have positive impacts. It helps to bring internal unity among the people and gives the people a sense of belonging to their society. Singaporean Chinese are firm belief in the practice of pragmatism and meritocracy. Singaporean weights results, consequences, utility, and practicality higher and people are often judged by their talents and abilities. Malaysian Malay are given higher status in Malaysia compared to other races and treated with more advantages and privileges. The main difference between them are Singaporean Chinese will go all out to work for the results and often trying to show their talents and abilities whereas Malaysian Malay tends to work things out slowly. The Malay employees will gather among the other Malays as they think that their culture is more superior than other cultures. An example to Singapore Chinese employee will try his/her best to outshine other employee but this Singapore Chinese employee will also respect other culture and other races among him/her. This Singapore Chinese employee will also be concern about consequences of his/her work and the results he/she produces. Understanding that Singaporean Chinese does not compare among races and treated equally in Singapore, communications with other colleagues regardless or races are often more effective. An example to Malaysian Malay employee will do his/her work averagely and will have a strong bonding among his/her Malays colleagues. This Malaysian Malay employee will also have more loyalty to the company compared to other races as feel the sense of belonging together with other Malay employees. Trust between this employee and other races employee may be lower compared to his/her fellow Malay colleagues. This Malaysian Malay employee tends to have more arguments or unhappiness with other races and cultures colleagues due to their thinking of superiority in their culture. Biasness and favoritism may appear to other employees even there is none. Thus, effectiveness of communication with the other races employees is lower. Cultural Relativism Cultural relativism is a state of mind where there is a common respect in other cultures. No culture is any special or superior to other culture. This includes religion, ethical, aesthetic, and political. They think that every culture is as worthy and equal as their culture and there is certainly no judgment between other races. It is more of personal opinion than an absolute correct or incorrect. Thailand is a collectivist country. They weight relationships and respect more than anything else. This has also led to unwanted human rights issues. Many take advantage of this as it is more towards accepting the inequality of the races as something natural and that promotes racism. American weights respect only to their fellow Americans most. They believe that they are the most superior due to their countrys achievements. The main difference between Thai and American employee is Thais are tend to be more close to their fellow Thai colleagues where American treats American equally but has no respect to other cultures. An example to Thai employee is friendlier towards his/her other Thai colleagues. He/She does not judge or criticize other colleagues and often bias to his/her fellow Thai colleagues. He/She makes exceptions to his/her fellow Thai colleagues too. This Thai employee also gives respect to all his/her colleagues. He/She also gives due respect to his/her superiors regardless of the culture differences due to the position level. It is easy for this employee to get along with other colleagues. As a result, the effectiveness of communication of Thai employees is better than the American employees. An example to American employee is often more commanding. He/She does not give enough respect to his/her superior if he/she is not an American. As mention, they have this mindset due to the countrys achievement. This American employee belief in his/her own skills and refuses to learn from any other employee from other countries or cultures. It is difficult to mix this employee with different nationalities and cultures employee. He/She does not listen to instruction given by others and that leads to a very ineffective communication. Task 4: Five Cultural Dimensions (825 words including title) Power Distance The first of the five dimensions of national culture called Power Distance. Human inequality can occur in many areas such as physical and mental characteristics (basic fact of human existence), social status, prestige, wealth, power, laws, rights, and rules. In different societies, give weights differently in this area. In some countries, politicians enjoy status and power without wealth or businesspersons enjoy wealth and power without status. This inequality is usually happening to the relationships between subordinates and their bosses. Singapore Marina Bay Sands exercises a relatively equal weight between the physical and mental characteristics. Bosses and subordinates do have their own power, rights, and wealth. Bosses do have higher power and rights to control the company. Individualism Every individual person in society has their own ideas and patterns for living up to society, unequal society and some people does not consider the social or feelings of those around them. Individualism people rely on legal rights and do not concern cultural and social concerns. Collectivism people do respect to the feelings of others or their own group members whereas individualism concerns over only the laws. Collectivism focus more on families and workmates, Individualism focus more on their own good and business. As explained, in Singapore Marina Bay Sands, there are also different people with their own ideas and patterns for living. Singapore society is Collectivism and believes in equality between man and women. While some countries such as New Zealand, Ireland, Sweden, and USA are individualism societies, which mean the staffs in Marina Bay Sands who came from these countries are most slightly does not consider the social or feelings of those around them. Masculinity Men and women is a big issue for any culture, society, or even companies. The opposite meaning of masculinity is feminine. In working terms, different countries have different cultures. Some have equal job opportunity for the men and women but some have very specific appointments. Some countries such as Japan and Islamic societies usually have this issue, as the women are regard as feminine, which will not be appointed as a leader. However, after time, many of these societies have changed and women have been given the equal opportunities to be leaders. Thailand is an example for now they have equality at work between genders. Previously the Thai culture was women have to be at home taking care of the house while the men will go work to support the family financially. Every different country has different speed of cultural change. Singapore Marina Bay Sands is a society, which has equal rights for man and women. Generally, women leaders can be found widely in Singapore and this has be en going for many years. Uncertainty Avoidance The opposite meaning of uncertainty avoidance is uncertainty-accepting cultures. This group of people is more towards tolerating different cultures from them. They minimize rules as much as possible to allow many cultures to be beside them. As a result, this will make the employees focus on the success of the work. Coming back to uncertainty avoidance, these people oppositely create many rules and are often very emotional in their work. These people are mostly motivated by themselves. Society like Japan, Belgium, and America are countries, which implements many rules and laws to avoid uncertainty avoidance where as country such as Thailand looks more on uncertainty accepting cultures between the employees to the supervisors to create a more focused relationship work. Singapore is also a country like Thailand, which also promotes uncertainty accepting cultures as this will certainly boost up the staffs morale while working as a team and eventually this will boost up the business great ly as well. Long-Term Orientation Students in 23 different countries found this dimension in a study. Humans have different dimension in terms of getting along with each other in working place. Some of them take longer time, which is known as long-term orientation, and some of them take little time, which is known as short-term orientation. People determine relations through factors while working together. Long-term orientation people have many difficulties to work with new people while short-term orientation people have no problem with that. However, after the long-term orientation people get to know the new people better, they will have a long and firm relationship and for short-term orientation people they will have no commitment in the relationship after awhile. For Thai Society, Sex discrimination does not cause a problem but it is favoritism that causing problem. Because of the hospitality culture in Thailand, it is quite difficult to do not help others. Singapore also could not avoid but to have people that ar e long-term orientated and short term-orientated. Certainly, Thailand, and Singapore do not have any sex discrimination and in addition, Singapore does not encourage favoritism. With a good balance of long-term and short-term orientated staffs in Singapore Marina Bay Sands, it has resulted to achieve great heights.

Chinese Food: Potstickers :: History Culinary Cooking Essays

Chinese Food: Potstickers I was flipping through the â€Å"Food† section of the San Francisco Chronicle on Wednesday, November 5th, 2003, and came across an enormous picture of a potsticker. The article about â€Å"Potstickers† caught my attention. I thought, so what? Is there really a history behind the famous dumpling? Surprisingly, yes. The article began with an introduction of how Amy Tan, the famous author of The Joy Luck Club, makes potstickers with her sisters in remembrance of their mother. They gradually linked into the history of the potsticker with a legend that many culinary chefs know today: A chef to a royal household left a pot of dumplings on the stove too long and discovered the bottoms had burned. The chef thought this would mean his head, but his smart son decided to present the dumplings to the emperor himself. When the emperor asked why the dumplings were burned, the son quickly explained it was a new recipe for something called potstickers. The emperor liked the cr unchiness of the browned bottoms and a new dish was born. The article then continues on to the significance of the potsticker. Martin Yan, cooking show host, says â€Å"The potstickers are special because of the succulent filling inside and a crispy bottom outside. People also like the play of the dumpling with its dipping sauce.† The article ties back to the introduction of Amy Tan and her connections with the potsticker. She also states the potsticker is an equalizer to all; people rich or poor can eat the most glorious pot sticker for â€Å"they transcend class and money.† Tan continues to make potstickers in her mother’s memory. The pot stickers are great for entertaining a party and culinary schools are now teaching how to make the dumplings. The article also provides a recipe and illustrations in addition to seven columns on how to prepare them. On the Bottom of that article was another article by Olivia Wu, titled, â€Å"A Family That Rolls, Fills and Crimps Together Creates More Than Just Dumplings.â₠¬  This article talks about the significance of one family and how making potstickers brings them together like playing a board game would. The article was captivating because my family and I do the same thing! I was reminded of how the potsticker relates to me.

Bahlawane Discussion

The discussion is formulated, as the entire thesis, along with the two major investigations done during this study. These are the study of the regulatory mechanism of wg genes expression in the first part and of Rem expression in the second part. An emphasis is given to the role of MucR in both regulation paths. Finally, the conclusion will try to point out the consequences of an inter-connected regulation and be closed on the role of MucR for the symbiosis efficiency in S. meliloti. I. Regulation scheme of galactoglucan synthesis in low and high Pi Published, also already edited II.Regulation scheme of motility genes in S. meliloti. Motility and chemotaxis offers micro – organisms a distinct advantage when faced with starvation, toxic substances or a requirement to approach the appropriate host. However, the motility machinery places high energy demands on the cell. Bacteria develop a strict regulation network to control the expression of motility – related genes to av oid inappropriate energy expenditure. Bacteria also invoke alternative strategies for the regulation of motility when faced with starvation or reduced nutrient conditions. In some bacteria, e. g., Serratia liquefaciens and Escherichia coli, this strict regulation results an increase of ability to migrate when faced with reduced nutrient conditions (Sharma, Anand, 2002). Apparently the strategy is to engage the motility machinery only in response to stress / starvation conditions by moving towards a better environment. In other bacteria, e. g. S. meliloti, the strict regulation results migration toward chemo-attractants under nutrient sufficient or excess conditions and the development of the vegetative state and biofilm upon encountering stress/starvation conditions (Wei, Bauer, 1998).Thus, S. meliloti was found to be motile throughout active growth, when nutrients are readily available, and to become non-motile upon transition to the stationary phase (Rotter et al. , 2006). The clu e of this regulation remained unknown up to the present. Some advances have been performed by the discovery of Rem (Rotter et al. , 2006), a Class Ib regulator, which expression follows the cell motility. Recently, Hoang et al. (Hoang et al. , 2008) demonstrated that quorum sensing (QS) regulated motility in strain Rm8530 through the regulation of visNR expression by ExpR by using an unknown mechanism.1. Modulation of rem expression Since rem expression was found to be growth – dependent and that visN expression was constant all through the growth, new regulators of motility were expected (Rotter et al. , 2006). In the present study, we demonstrated that MucR affects motility by regulation of rem expression. Binding of MucR to the promoter region upstream of rem was shown and a sequence sharing similarities with the MucR binding site consensus (Bertram-Drogatz et al. , 1998) was identified in this region.However, further investigations suggested that sequences, downstream of this consensus, could be required for MucR binding to the rem upstream region. Since MucR inhibition was increased by a mutation in rem, we speculated that the ratio of Rem / MucR levels in the cell may contribute to the regulation of motility in S. meliloti. In RU11/001, Rem was found to be present in great amount in cells at low density (Rotter et al. , 2006) and slowly disappear during the exponential growth. We did not retrieve a much higher rem transcription level at low cell density in our wild type Rm2011.However, we cannot exclude that post – transcriptional regulation is responsible for the accumulation of Rem protein in Rm2011 at low cell density. If high levels of Rem are present in the cell, the effect of MucR on regulation of rem appears to be negligible. Consistent with this postulation, we observed that at low cell densities, the expression of rem promoter was inhibited in the presence of an intact mucR locus and a disrupted rem locus, but not in the presence o f a functional rem locus.In such scenario, the quantity of Rem within the cell in a culture of low cell density might be high enough to completely mask the effect of MucR, while at higher cell density, the higher quantity of MucR within the cell might be sufficient to inhibit transcription of rem. Another explanation for the difference of rem expression pattern between the strain RU11/001 and Rm2011 might be the expR status of these two independent wild types. Indeed, Rm2011 exhibits an insertion element within expR (Pellock et al. , 2002), leading to a non – functional gene and consequently a deficient quorum- sensing (QS) system.It was previously shown that the Sin / ExpR quorum sensing system (Marketon et al. , 2002;Marketon et al. , 2003) down-regulates motility and chemotaxis genes and that the visN-visR operon was a target for the LuxR-type regulator ExpR (HOANG 2004, HOANG 2008). We could confirm the inhibition of visN expression by AHL-activated ExpR and its relay to the rem expression. Moreover, McIntosh demonstrated binding of ExpR to the promoter region of visN in the presence of AHLs implying that ExpR directly regulates transcription of visN-visR (personal communication).While rem expression levels are regulated by several regulators, including ExpR, VisN and VisR, as demonstrated in this study and elsewhere (Hoang et al. , 2008;Rotter et al. , 2006) it is unknown what factors affect expression of the autoregulated mucR gene (Muller et al. , 1993). However, MucR appears to function as a repressor, both in the presence and absence of a functional Sin quorum sensing system (Bahlawane C. et al. , 2008;McIntosh et al. , 2008), suggesting that the regulation of mucR expression is not dependent on quorum sensing, although this remains to be confirmed.2. Requirement for swimming and swarming motility This study highlights another interesting aspect of motility in S. meliloti, namely, swarming, but not swimming, depends on the presence of a functio nal quorum sensing system and galactoglucan production. The requirement of exopolysaccharides for swarming was recently highlighted in a large scale analysis of Tn5 mutants exhibiting swarming defects in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008). The requirement of a functional quorum sensing for swarming was likewise found in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008;Daniels et al., 2006). However, this strain exhibits two different quorum sensing systems CinIR and RaiIR, with a much brighter QS signal molecules spectrum. We demonstrated that in S. meliloti, only those strains with an intact ExpR / Sin quorum sensing system and capable of galactoglucan and flagella production showed the ability to swarm. Even if MucR modulated the expression of the regulator of motility, the swimming ability of a mucR, expR – mutant (Rm101) was not affected. Therefore, swimming required flagella production, but not the ExpR/Sin system and galactoglucan biosynthesis.Swimming is an individual endeavo ur, whereas swarming is the coordinated movement of a population of bacteria in high viscosity media or over a surface and has been shown to be widespread among flagellated bacteria, particularly in association with quorum sensing (Harshey, 2003;Sharma, Anand, 2002). Hence, the involvement of quorum sensing in swarming, but not in swimming, may be an important feature in coordination of motility. 3. Interconnection between both regulation networks and comparison with other strainsCoupling of the regulation of bacterial exopolysaccharide production and the regulation of cell motility has also been found in Ralstonia solanacearum (5), Vibrio cholerae (1, 34), and Salmonella enterica (7), and presumably increases the ability of the cells to interact with their prospective host cells. We found that ExpR functions as inhibitor of the master regulator of motility VisNR, in addition to its role as an activator of the expression of the galactoglucan genes in the presence of Sin AHLs and pos itively affect expression of exoK and exsH leading to the depolymerisation of succinoglycan (McIntosh et al., 2008). Moreover, MucR is shown to inhibit the motility through rem expression, in addition to its role in the activation the HMW succinoglycan production and inhibition of the galactoglucan production. This fits well to the opposite regulation for succinoglycan biosynthesis and motility found previously for S. meliloti strains (Hoang et al. , 2008;Wells et al. , 2007;Yao et al. , 2004). A model is therefore proposed (Fig. 4. 2) where the inverse regulation of succinoglycan and flagella synthesis, as well as the role of MucR and ExpR are highlighted. Figure 4.1 Regulation schem of the motility in S. meliloti Dashed lines indicate an unknown regulation path and lines indicate a direct regulation through demonstrated DNA / protein interactions. The direct effect of ExoR /ExoS has to be further analyses, expecially the interaction with visN promoter has to be elucidated. Chapter 2 Conclusion Taking in account the scheme of galactoglucan synthesis regulation (Fig. 4. 1) and the scheme of motility regulation (Fig. 4. 2) proposed in this study, we may try to follow the effect of such regulation paths in the life – styles of the bacteria.The last one is named as free – living microorganism or as symbiont in the plant root. In the first case, the bacteria are exposed to dryness and nutrients starvation. At this stage, the biofilm production is a pre-requisite for survival. Therefore, the EPS’s biosynthesis has to be switched ON. As it is quite improbable that the cell density is high enough to activate the quorum sensing system, we can speculate that MucR plays a key role in activating the succinoglycan biosynthesis. Since the soil exhibits very low level of Pi, galactoglucan is, at this point produced through the activation via phoB and WggR.Upon biofilm formation, the cell density probably increases and could activate the quorum sensing s ystem, allowing the bacteria to produce more galactoglucan and swarm towards better conditions. In such conformation, the cells present within the centre of the swarming population are non motile and synthesized EPS; thus the cells present at the migration front are highly motile but do not synthesized EPS. It would be interesting to clarify whether a cell differentiation, as proposed by Soto (Soto et al. , 2002), takes place at this stage.Finally, if the host is present in the next neighbourhood the chemotactic compounds, as well as the nutrients found in the rood exudates, will attract the bacteria. When approaching the root, the moisture increases, along with the nutrients availability; so that swarming motility will be replaced by swimming motility that decline progressively. Indeed, the bacteria attached to the root, increasing the cell density that may lead to the inhibition of flagella production via ExpR / QS. Instead, EPS are produced, allowing recognition between the plant and the microbe as well as the invasion of the new synthesized infection thread.Once within the root, the bacteria will differentiate to bacteroid and start fixing nitrogen. We tried to highlight in this thesis the relevance of exopolysaccharides and motility for an efficient symbiosis. Great advances have been made the last years, leading to the identification of the quorum sensing interaction with motility. We participate in inclusion of MucR, as new regulator of motility and ExpR as requisite for swarming. However, the full understanding of the influence of motility in symbiosis establishment will require finding out which signals are inducing mucR and exoR/ exoS.Moreover, some tests have to be implemented to investigate the symbiosis establishment in more realistic conditions. Indeed, the bacteria are usually directly inoculated to the root, so that motility, via swarming or swimming is not required. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Alfred Puh ler, Chair of the Genetics department, for allowing me use the very good infrastructure that promotes a very pleasant and conducive atmosphere during my research using performant techniques. I am especially grateful to Prof.Dr. Anke Becker, my supervisor, for giving me the chance to come back to research. Without her advices, ideas and resources, this work would not be possible and achieved. Thus, I thank her too for the freedom she gave me, as well as her support to test new ideas and her great help by conceiving and writing the manuscripts that become the pillars of this manuscript. Within the laboratory members, I would like to thank first Dr. Birgit Baumgarth who introduced me to the lab and to the investigated organism. Then, special thanks to Dr.Matthew McIntosh for the quorum sensing – related work and his help for preparing the derived publication. Furthermore, I would like to deeply thank Dr. Natasha Pobigaylo for her friendship, her helpful discussions and for givin g me courage when I am about to lose it. I thank Manuela Mayer, too, for the assistance in microarray hybridizations as well as Dr. Lisa Krol, Javier Serrania and Thomas Montfort for the everyday help in the lab. Finally, I would like to thank all Exopol group members for the support and advices.Least, I would like to thank my family for their unending and heartwarming support in many ways. Special thanks to Rachida Bendaou, my mother-in-law, for her support in caring my children during my research. I would like to thank my children, Ines, Soraya and Jasmine, for filling up my life with love and happiness. I would like to apologize for the bad mood and stress situations that are unfortunately connected with such a thesis. My heartfelt gratitude to my understanding and loving husband, Naoufal, for his moral and financial support, for believing in me and for sharing the passion for science with me.Resume In order to enter symbiosis with its legume partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti has t o face continual changing conditions. It has more ability to adapt quickly to the situation than the ability to face it efficiently that makes the difference in term of symbiosis efficiency. For the first interactions with its host, motility is required by S. meliloti to move towards the chemotactic compounds released by its host when exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are required later on, for the attachment to the root as well as for the invasion of the infection thread, leading to the formation of the root nodule.We focused in this study the regulatory networks leading to the coordination of motility and EPS’s production in the strain Rm2011. Depending on the phosphate concentration encountered in the environment Rm2011 synthesizes two different exopolysaccharides (EPS). Galactoglucan (EPS II) is produced under phosphate starvation but also in the presence of extra copies of the transcriptional regulator WggR (ExpG) or as a consequence of a mutation in mucR. The galactoglucan bios ynthesis gene cluster contains the operons wga (expA), wge (expE), wgd (expD), and wggR (expG).Two promoters, differentially controlled by WggR, PhoB, and MucR, were identified upstream of each of these operons. The proximal promoters of the wga, wge, and wgd transcription units were constitutively active when separated from the upstream regulatory sequences. Promoter activity studies and the positions of predicted PhoB and WggR binding sites suggested that the proximal promoters are cooperatively induced by PhoB and WggR. MucR was shown to strongly inhibit the distal promoters and bound to the DNA in the vicinity of the distal transcription start sites.An additional inhibitory effect on the distal promoter of the structural galactoglucan biosynthesis genes was identified as a new feature of WggR in a mucR mutant. Motility is organized in S. meliloti in a hierarchical cascade, with Class Ia genes, encoding the major regulator of motility VisNR; controlling the expression of the clas s Ib gene, rem, which encodes a central regulator, activating the expression of the downstream Class II and class III genes. We could demonstrate that MucR binds a DNA sequence upstream of rem, following a different mechanism as previously observed upon binding upstream of the wg genes.By this way, MucR inhibits rem expression as well as the expression of the Rem-regulated genes such as flaF and flgG. Furthermore, we addressed a balance of the swimming and swarming abilities of several S. meliloti strains derivatives of Rm2011. We could show that all strains, able to build flagella, were swimming on low viscosity agar plates. However, swarming over high viscosity agar plates required all a functional expR / sin locus, the ability to build flagellum and the production of exopolysaccharides. Finally, we propose a model for the coordination of motility and EPSs synthesis in S. meliloti.

Free Essays on Into The Dreams

Into the Dreams: An Analytical Approach to Dreams and Escapism in Milan Kundera’s â€Å"Life is Elsewhere† To dream a dream. What is more of an escape? Dreams are the human means to escape the confusion of life – the climax of relaxation is depicted as a wondrous sleep, disturbed only by the passing dream which casually floats through the mind. After a hard day of battling to prove ourselves in life, we revert to our dreams, within which we are given the safety to lick our wounds while exploring uncharted territories. The â€Å"lucid chaos† of dreams combined with the monotony of sleep creates the perfect medium for self-discovery, while escaping the harsheties in life. For much the same reasons, Jaromil in Life Is Elsewhere, dreams. During the early years of his life, Jaromil’s dreams present him with an opportunity to discover himself, while fleeing from his mother’s selfish, domineering love. Jaromil searches for life elsewhere, reverting to his imagination to flee the heavy burdens imposed upon him by real life. He finds safety within his imaginings. In his dreams, Jaromil â€Å"prelives† his future while escaping his callous present. However, he sets a trap for himself; he soon is living in his dreams instead of his reality. Moreover, the dreams are in constant motion, spinning in a neverending circle where it soon becomes evident there is no ending. This parallels the active yet self-destructive cycle of Jaromil’s later life: beginning at the denial of his true self as a poet, continuing with the betrayal and abuse of the redhead, and finally, the betrayal of his ideal counterpart at the eclipse of his youth. As he attempts to become the ideal self in his dreams, he shatters not only his life but also the lives of others close to him. Let us explore his relationship with his â€Å"ideal self†; his alter ego, Xavier. Whilst Xavier has everything that Jaromil believes he lacks (and consequently he is born of Jaromilï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Into The Dreams Free Essays on Into The Dreams Into the Dreams: An Analytical Approach to Dreams and Escapism in Milan Kundera’s â€Å"Life is Elsewhere† To dream a dream. What is more of an escape? Dreams are the human means to escape the confusion of life – the climax of relaxation is depicted as a wondrous sleep, disturbed only by the passing dream which casually floats through the mind. After a hard day of battling to prove ourselves in life, we revert to our dreams, within which we are given the safety to lick our wounds while exploring uncharted territories. The â€Å"lucid chaos† of dreams combined with the monotony of sleep creates the perfect medium for self-discovery, while escaping the harsheties in life. For much the same reasons, Jaromil in Life Is Elsewhere, dreams. During the early years of his life, Jaromil’s dreams present him with an opportunity to discover himself, while fleeing from his mother’s selfish, domineering love. Jaromil searches for life elsewhere, reverting to his imagination to flee the heavy burdens imposed upon him by real life. He finds safety within his imaginings. In his dreams, Jaromil â€Å"prelives† his future while escaping his callous present. However, he sets a trap for himself; he soon is living in his dreams instead of his reality. Moreover, the dreams are in constant motion, spinning in a neverending circle where it soon becomes evident there is no ending. This parallels the active yet self-destructive cycle of Jaromil’s later life: beginning at the denial of his true self as a poet, continuing with the betrayal and abuse of the redhead, and finally, the betrayal of his ideal counterpart at the eclipse of his youth. As he attempts to become the ideal self in his dreams, he shatters not only his life but also the lives of others close to him. Let us explore his relationship with his â€Å"ideal self†; his alter ego, Xavier. Whilst Xavier has everything that Jaromil believes he lacks (and consequently he is born of Jaromilï ¿ ½...

Unit recall Essay Example

Unit recall Essay Example Unit recall Essay Unit recall Essay I can recall a time where I had to maintain focus and persistence in spite of obstacles that I was facing at the time. This is in fact, in recent history as I was going through a combination of events that seems to have come out of nowhere. I am a full time student, and set to graduate in two quarters. Around the end of Spring quarter and beginning of the Summer Quarter, I lost my Job. In addition to that, I was the nearing the end off long term relationship. Not to mention, it is the start of the Summer! I had to motivation to continue in my education. My main focus was to find work. Money that I had saved up was fading, and fading fast. What makes matters worse, I was unable to receive unemployment. I knew that I needed to find a Job soon. So as you can imagine, that last thing on my mind is getting my education, much less finishing up the summer quarter. But, with all that was going on Im my life, and the combination of emotions and feelings coming and going in my head, I know that I did not come this far to quit now. If I can compare those feeling to a football season, hen it would be similar in many ways. All the hard work, injuries, fatigue, blood, and sweat that was endured during the regular season and playoffs, Just to give up and fold during the Super Bowl is not an option. In conclusion, I did maintain focus and I made it through the summer quarter, but barely. It was not very pretty, in fact was my worst quarter in my time in school, but nevertheless, I made it through. I also started a new Job that pays well. And as far as that relationship, well, lets Just say Eve already moved to bigger and better things. And so far so good.

Report on authoritative sources in accounting Essay

Report on authoritative sources in accounting - Essay Example Report on authoritative sources in accounting This paper gives a report on a variety of influential accountancy sources. Among the four source genres, professional associations often stand out as the most credible and authoritative sources of information on accountancy (Katz, Graduate School of Business Website, 2013). This comes as a result of these associations offering membership to several professionals in the accounting field. In addition, these set professional and ethical standards required of all the individuals in the field of accountancy. Professional associations involve themselves in enlightening members through seminars, conferences and workshops. Moreover, many of these associations produce publications such as scholarly journals and periodicals. Therefore it becomes evident that even though all genres serve as credible sources of information on accounting, professional associations stand out more. Professional Association The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is a professional association for Certified Public Accountants all over the world (Associations Unlimited). This renowned and accredited association stands out as an authoritative source of information on accounting due to various reasons. According to Associations Unlimited, the AICPA began in 1887. Having existed for such a long period of time makes the association credible, since a record of the association’s activity for all those years prove its authority above other associations whose life spun is shorter. Moreover, the AIPCA boasts of its large membership of certified accountants within the United States and other territories (Association Unlimited). This proves that AICPA hosts a very diverse group of associates. The diversity in the association enhances the authority and credibility of the association as a major player in the field of accountancy. The AICPA serves as a body that sets auditing and reporting standards in accountancy (Anton, Associations Unlimited). This task sees the body as a pace setter in accountancy (Katz, Graduate School of Business Website, 2013). In addition, Associations Unlimited lists AIPCA as the publisher of publications such as The CPA Letter and the Tax Adviser. All this evidence shows the credibility of AICPA as a major source of information in the field of accountancy. Standard Setting Board The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) stands as an authority in accountancy. According to Investopedia (2013), the FASB is a board of seven members consisting of accounting professionals who set financial accounting and reporting standards. The FASB finds its history running back to 1973, the board’s founding year (Associations Unlimited). This long duration of existence accredits it as an authoritative source in accounting. Associations Unlimited also provides that the board sets accounting standards for the private sector especially businesses and non-profit organizations. This displays the board’s command on many businesses and or ganizations hence its authority. In addition, the board comprises great professionals in the accounting field (Associations Unlimited). This confirirms the credibility of the board members. According to the Bloomsberg Businessweek (2013), the chairperson of the FASB is Ms. Leslie F. Seidman. She is an acclaimed

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