Thursday, August 27, 2020
September 11th (911) essays
September eleventh (911) papers September 11, 2001, began like some other day. I headed to class in my typical morning trance, and went to my first hour, Bible as Literature with Dr. Lynn Moyers. We were taking a shot at an undertaking in the library that day. September 11, brought nothing strange, until I arrived at my subsequent hour, Comparative Religion with Mr. Fritz, there an understudy by the name of Linda told the class that a plane had collided with one of the World Trade Centers Towers. Around then my class and I didn't have a favorable opinion of the circumstance. Mr. Fritz, a social examinations educator, then again did. Mr. Fritz clarified the multi year history of the World Trade Center. I dont recall all that he stated, however I do recollect how frightened I was the point at which he helped me to remember the 1993 shelling. Rapidly Mr. Fritz requested that an understudy get a TV. At the time we turned the TV on it uncovered smoke climbing from the north pinnacle. CNN showed other camera edges, we st arted to see precisely how much harm happened in this mishap. I state mishap in light of the fact that at the time that is all the open suspected. What I saw is smoke from the accident of an American Airlines plane totally broke down into the pinnacle. Now I sat in Mr. Fritzs class thinking what a stupid mishap, not comprehending the circumstance would deteriorate. The class and I kept on observing seriously, when out of the edge of the screen a Delta Airliner came into see. This fly wrapped itself moving around directly into the focal point of the south pinnacle. After that our perspective on the circumstance took a total three-sixty. The undeniable was that something was unquestionably wild. I sat in my seat with an unpleasant feeling of distress, I was unable to accept what my eyes saw. I remained stuck to the TV, as wrapped up of my group. The following theme CNN talked about ... <!
Saturday, August 22, 2020
How to Write an Essay on a Movie
How to Write an Essay on a MovieIf you are looking for a method on how to write an essay on a movie, then you have come to the right place. Writing a paper on a movie is no easy task, but it can be done by anyone who is willing to spend time and effort in doing so.It is important that you spend time researching and finding out as much information as you can about the movie. This is the only way you can make your movie essay an excellent one. It is also important that you look at all the movies that have been released. This is because there will always be another movie coming out soon.Movies are great in that they keep getting better. Even though a lot of people do not like to see the same old stuff over again, if you are looking for a way to write an essay on a movie then this is the way to go. You will be able to find a new movie every now and then to watch.Besides this, you should research the new film that has been released. You can read the reviews and articles online, or you can just go to your local library and see what books are on offer.It is important that you check out as many books as you can before you decide which movie essay you are going to write. In most cases, the best movie essays are those written by someone who actually has seen the movie.One of the best ways to write an essay on a movie is to put yourself in the shoes of the audience. Find out what your thoughts and feelings are when you are watching the movie. Then try to find out why they like the movie so much.This is the main method of how to write an essay on a movie. You need to be able to put yourself in the same position as the other person, especially when it comes to what are the main things that make the movie so amazing.By doing this, you will be able to write an essay on a movie that will please and educate the reader. After all, it is a movie after all.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Installing Perl Modules From CPAN
Introducing Perl Modules From CPAN There are a few different ways to introduce Perl modules from the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network on your Unix-based framework. There is in every case more than one approach to get things done with Perl, and this is the same. Before setting out on any establishment, download the module, unfasten it and look at the documentation. Most modules are introduced utilizing a similar technique. Initiate the CPAN Module The least difficult approach to introduce Perl modules to utilize the CPAN module itself. On the off chance that you are the framework executive and need to introduce the module systemwide, youll need to change to your root client. To start up the CPAN module, simply get to your order line and run this: On the off chance that this is the first run through youve run CPAN, it will ask you a progression of inquiries much of the time, the default answer is fine. When you wind up gazing at the cpan order brief, introducing a module is as simple as introduce MODULE::NAME. For instance, to introduce the HTML::Template module youd type: CPAN should take it from that point, and youll end up with the module introduced in your Perl library. Introducing from the Command Line Lets state youre on your framework order line and you simply need to introduce a module as fast as could be expected under the circumstances; you can run the Perl CPAN module by means of order line Perl and introduce it in a solitary line: Its constantly prudent to download a module yourself, particularly if youre having issues introducing with CPAN. On the off chance that youre on the order line, you can utilize something like wget to get the document. Next, youll need to unfasten it with something like: This unfastens the module into an index and afterward you can go in and look around. Search for the README or INSTALL documents. Much of the time, introducing a module by hand is still truly simple, however, in spite of the fact that not as simple as CPAN. Once youve exchanged into the base registry for the module, you ought to have the option to introduce it by composing:
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Effects of Caffeine on 30m Multiple Sprint Performance in Women - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5826 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proposed ergogenic capabilities upon human sprint times and performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Caffeine on 30m Multiple Sprint Performance in Women" essay for you Create order Twelve female sports students (20  ± 2 yr, 1.64  ± 0.05 m, 58.9  ± 3.9 kg) were utilized as the subjects for this investigation which was conducted in the Oxstalls Sport Hall, Gloucester, using the light gate equipment. All subjects were familiarized with the experimental design and apparatus before proceeding. The necessary forms were signed by the participants and personal information acquired. Subjects were administered either caffeine (5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of body mass) or placebo, and ingested the substance 1 hour prior to testing in a single blind fashion. After a 5 minute warm up, 12 x 30 metre sprints were performed by each subject with a 30 second interval between each sprint. The experiment was repeated a week later using the same procedure but with the participants taking the opposite substance to the previous weeks test. Subsequent to the interpretation of the data, fastest sprint time (s), mean sprint time (s), fatigue and RPE were obtained. All of which were examined statistically, the paired t-test was used as a test of significance, the mean as a measure of central tendency and standard deviation as a measure of reliability and variance. Fastest sprint times decreased from 5.34  ± 0.27 s to 5.27  ± 0.25 s when taking caffeine compared to placebo. Mean sprint times decreased slightly from 5.56  ± 0.29 s to 5.55  ± 0.29 s when consuming caffeine. RPE again showed a slight decrease from 14  ± 1 to 13  ± 1 using Borgà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1982) 6-20 scale after caffeine ingestion. Using the fatigue index as recommended by Glaister et al. (2004), caffeine showed an increase (5.16  ± 1.91) compared to placebo (4.13  ± 1.51). It was concluded that 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of body mass of caffeine did have a significant effect on fastest sprint time and RPE, and that fatigue was heightened when taking caffeine. Though it did not have any significant ergogenic effects on mean sprint times at the p0.05 level upon sprinting performance in women. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS CONTENTS                                                                                                                      Page Number Chapter 1.0                       Introduction Chapter 2.0                       Literature Review                           2.1     Previous Studies                           2.2     Mechanisms of Ergogenicity                           2.3     Resulting Hypotheses Chapter 3.0                       Methodology                           3.1     Participants                           3.2     Experimental Procedures                           3.3     Pre-test                           3.4     Testing                           3.5     Data Collection and Statistical Analysis                           3.6     Facilities and Equipment Hire                           3.7     Budget                           3.8     Ethical Considerations                           3.9    Temporal Plan Chapter 4.0               Results Chapter 5.0              Discussion                           5.1      Justification of statistical analysis                           5.2      Analysis of results in relation to the hypotheses 5.3      Comparison of results in relation to previous studies 5.4      Implications of results in relation to the mechanisms 5.5      Considerations of caffeine ingestion 5.6      Justification of Methodology 5.7      Criticisms/Limitations of investigation Chapter 6.0                       Conclusion                LIST OF FIGURES Page Number Figure 1             Gantt chart to show plan of action Figure 2             Shows the mean times of all twelve sprints                           by the participants and the relationship between                           caffeine and placebo times. Figure 3             Shows the mean fastest sprint time by the                           participants and the relationship between caffeine                           and placebo times. Figure 4             Shows the mean Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)                           by the participants over twelve sprints and the                           relationship between caffeine and placebo. Figure 5             Shows the mean fatigue % decrement by the                           participants and the relationship between caffeine                           and placebo. CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION Deliberate ingestion of caffeine within sport is the focus for this study. It is caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supposed ergogenic properties in relation to sporting performance which will be investigated. Caffeine, also known chemically as trimethylxanthine, is one of the most common drugs in the world, with the benefit of having minimal health risks attached to taking it (Graham, 2001). It is among the most widely used drugs because of its ubiquitous occurrence in commonly consumed beverages such as coffee, tea and cola. Many drugs contain caffeine and are readily accessible to the public in the form of over the counter (OTC) stimulants and combination analgesics. Due to this accessibility and its social acceptance, caffeine plays a major part in the western diet, with over 80% of the adult population consuming the drug on a daily basis through various methods (Schwenk, 1997). With caffeine consumption being so common, its positive and negative effects are noticed so easily. The study will look into its potential positive ergogenic effects due to its ever increasing popularity in sporting performance. Earlier studies by Pasman et al. (1995), Bell and McLellan (2002), Greer et al. (2000), Graham and Spriet (1995), regarding caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ergogenicity, are linked to effects upon endurance times rather than sprint performance. Increased endurance performance is supported by many of the studies, and rarely have they found to be no effect (Butts and Crowell, 1985) and (Falk et al., 1990). Due to it ergogenic properties, caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s popularity has increased in sporting contexts. This investigation is primarily concerned with attempting to assess caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness as an ergogenic aid in respect of its effects upon the anaerobic energy system, and its subsequent relevance to sprint times and fatigue in women. By implementing multiple sprint tests, this will provide the necessary data required for evaluating the anaerobic energy system, sprint times and fatigue. Caffeine is a natural substance, which is utilized every day, whether it is in food, drink, medicine and more importantly for the purpose of this study, sport. It is caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to be used in a number of ways, which makes it an ever increasing drug in society. Applegate and Grivetti (1997) has claimed that caffeine has been used as a means of masking fatigue since the early 1900s, the use of this ergogenic aid became popular following widely publicized research indicating improved endurance performance. There may be other factors contributing to its increase in popularity over the years. For example, caffeine is seen as a socially acceptable drug in society, as mentioned earlier, its minimal health risks has made the substance generally recognized as safe (GRAS) according to the food and drug administration (FDA), meaning the intentional consumption of caffeine becomes less stigmatized. Another possible factor behind its popularity is the ever increasing deman d for athletes to achieve and the pressure being placed upon them by themselves and outside sources. Such demands being placed on athletes at all levels, ranging from recreational to professional, will inevitably cause participants to seek out an advantage and give into the persuasion of the stimulants which is being forced upon them. Thus, leading to companies promoting and persuading athletes to use their products to achieve the best performance possible. Due to the increasingly competitive arena in which athletes find themselves, the promotion of performance enhancing substances are surrounding them almost daily. The legality and use of ergogenic aids such as caffeine has caused many debates and varied opinions about its uses in competitive sport. There are currently three categories in which substances can be classed; legal, controlled and illegal. In 1967, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned all performance enhancing drugs (PEDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s). The formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999 took over the IOCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibilities regarding PEDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The World Anti-Doping Agency reviewed the banned substances list in 2004 and changed the legality of caffeine, allowing athletes to take the substance. Though the caffeine is defined as legal, WADA are still monitoring athletes in order to detect any patterns of misuse within the sport. Caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s positive ergogenic effects have been well documented in numerous sports, but caffeine consumption in sports like darts, archery and snooker can have a detrimental effect upon performance. The absorption of caffeine can lead to an increase in heart rate, restlessness, anxiety and hypertension, all of which could have a damaging effect upon sporting performance. However, in spite of some possible negative effects in a slight number of sports, caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s popularity is ever increasing as a legal performance enhancer. Manufacturers of sporting performance supplements have, through their market research, recognized the increasing popularity and attraction of using performance enhancing supplements. Companies have tapped into a bona fide consumer need for energy. As a result of this, the market place has been flooded with masses of supposedly ergogenic concoctions. The market for energy products has grown tremendously, leaping from a niche market for endurance athletes to mainstream customers. Many products take the form of drinks containing caffeine, Red Bull is still the leader in that category, with about 50% of the market share. Since the emergence of Red Bull many copycat drinks have been produced and marketed as a performance enhancer. These drinks contain excessive amounts of caffeine and have been promoted as an ergogenic aid, though in many countries, energy drinks have been banned due to its potential health risks, especially with regards to children. The problem with proving the ergogenic effects of drinks like these is the varying tolerance levels of each individual, which according to Kendler and Prescott (1999) can depend on many factors, including caffeine consumption patterns, age, body weight and physical condition. In spite of this, athletes will still consume the caffeine products in order to gain that advantage and improve performance without realising some of the negative effects, such as dehydration. Extreme caffeine consumption can lead to possible side effects, which many consumers are oblivious too. Some of which are restlessness, diarrhoea, headaches, anxiety, insomnia, and in extreme circumstances, tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia. It is important to consume caffeine in moderation; those who ingest large amounts regularly and then try to decrease their intake by a substantial amount can cause problems for themselves. Caffeine withdrawal can lead to symptoms such as sleepiness, irritability, headaches and in rare circumstances, nausea and vomiting. Phillips-Buteand Lane (1997) has suggested that headaches caused by caffeine withdrawal are due to the appropriate mechanisms of the body becoming oversensitive to adenosine. Due to this, blood pressure will drop excessively and cause excess blood in the head, leading to a headache. Still, with all the possible side effects of excessive consumption and withdrawal symptoms, caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s popularity amongst the general public is unwavering. Companies are still promoting the benefits of caffeine without indulging in its flaws, particularly in the sporting sector, meaning its popularity raises even further. This investigation is concerned with how performance in sport can be improved by increased sprint speed and a decrease in fatigue after caffeine ingestion. Improvements in an athleteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s speed over short distances is vital in many sports, as the intensity and the pace of games are increasing in the current era. Such improvements can help in field and court sports such as football, tennis and hockey to name a few. Having the ability to run that split second quicker than an opposing athlete may make a dramatic impact upon the sporting performance, and most importantly the result. There has been a steady increase in the number of studies examining the effects of caffeine upon high intensity, short duration exercises, and more specifically, repeated sprints. This area is still up for investigation as caffeineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ergogenic benefits are not so clear cut, as they are in endurance exercise. Many studies have produced results either supporting or diminishing any relationship between caffeine and repeated sprint performance, but each study varies on its reason behind such change. The study undertaken by Glaister et.al (2008) found results of that support a clear ergogenic effect of caffeine on repeated sprints but stated that further research is required to establish the mechanisms of this response. Papers by Glaister et.al (2008), Stuart et.al (2005), Paton et.al (2001) and Crowe et.al (2006) shall provide a solid base for research and literature regarding multiple sprints or high intensity short duration exercises. The rationale of this study is to evaluate and research the available literature, and moreover to examine in larger detail the responsible functions and mechanisms within the body that manipulate and contribute to the possible enhancement of sprint performance following an ingested dose of caffeine. The main purpose of this study is to conclude whether or not an administered dose of caffeine will improve sprint performance and to conclude whether caffeine is ergogenic in this specific subject area. The objective will be tested and achieved by firstly administering a certain dosage of caffeine subsequent to a pre test. Then after a certain period of absorption this will be followed by 12 x 30 metre sprints, which will hopefully provide the necessary results for the assessment of fastest and mean sprint times, followed by fatigue and RPE values. The methodology will be executed as efficiently and as accurately as possible, limiting the likelihood of any discrepancies creeping in and influencing the overall evaluation of results. The outcome of this investigation is expected to be valuable to the sporting world, and especially to athletes that partake in sports associated with the demands of fast sprints, such as those mentioned earlier. It will provide the necessary knowledge and allow athletes to consider the option of indulging in the use of what is at present a legal stimulant, helping them to optimize their sporting performances. CHAPTER 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Previous Studies The involvement of an all female participant group in this study means it opens up a new area of research. Previous research involving caffeine and exercise has always used a solely male or mixed sex sample. Bell and McLellan (2002) used 15 males and 6 females for their study, Crowe et al. (2006) also followed suit and used 12 males to only 5 females. More specifically, affects of caffeine in multiple sprint tests and short term high intensity exercises has provided an even more bias participant sample. A study by Paton et al. (2001) on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“effects of caffeine ingestion on repeated sprints in team-sport athletesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? used 16 male participants. The most important study being that of Glaister et al. (2008) into the supplementation of caffeine in multiple sprint running performances, this study looked at 21 male participants and excluded females all together. Many of these studies have used forms of exercise and equipment for testing that are available to women. T his distinct lack of research on solely women participants regarding the effects of caffeine has created a chance to look into this trend and the possible reasons behind it. WHY NOT SO MUCH ON WOMENà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEXES AND CAFFEINES EFFECTS.              Biological differences between the 2 sexes may cause researchers to use mainly male participants. Although males and females are very much the same in build, there are some aspects that may vary and cause one of the sexes to act differently. A study by Farag et al. (2006) found that on the placebo session, men and women showed a significant BP increase to stress, although women had significant cardiac responses whereas men had vascular responses, therefore proving that males and females react differently to certain conditions. DIFFERENCE OF EFFECTS OF CAFFEIENE. WHY SPRINTING TEST LIMITATIONS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" MENSTRUAL CYCLE, CONTRACEPTIVE, PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE. The liver needed for caffeine metabolism. In healthy adults, caffeines half-life is approximately 4.9 hours. In women taking oral contraceptives this is increased to 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"10 hours (Meyer et al., 1999) and in pregnant women the half-life is roughly 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"11 hours (Ortweiler et al., 1985). 2.2 Mechanisms of Ergogenicity Caffeine acts as an A1 and A2a adenosine receptor antagonist, regular consumption of caffeine is associated with an up regulation of the number of these adenosine receptors in the vascular and neural tissues of the brain (Fredholm et al, 1999). Caffeine is metabolized in the tolerance for it; regular users do however develop a strong tolerance to this effect (Maughan Griffin, 2003). Studies by Armstrong et al (2007) have generally failed to support the common notion that ordinary consumption of caffeinated beverages contributes significantly to dehydration. RELIABILITY OF MULTIPLE SPRINT TEST GENDER DIFFERENCES RPE FATIGUE FASTEST MEAN PLACEBO DOSE The dosage from caffeine studies have ranged from 1-15mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1. The optimal dose has not been determined because it may vary according to the sensitivity of the individual to caffeine. However, Cadarette et al. (1982) found doses between 3and 6mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 produce an equivalent ergogenic effect to higher doses, and this has led Graham et al. (2000) to suggest that the optimal dose thus lies in this lower range. Using the findings established by others, participants will be administered 5mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 for the purpose of this research. Time After Ingestion Recent research from Bell and McLellan (2002) found that only exercise times 1and 3hours after drug ingestion were significantly greater than the respective placebo trials of 23.3 ±6.5,23.2 ±7.1,and 23.5 ±5.7min. For this research, the multiple sprints will take part 35 minutes after ingestion of the caffeine tablet, due to practical and time implications. Even though caffeine has a half-life of 4-6 hours, this implies that high levels of caffeine will be in the blood for up to 3-4 hours after ingestion, most studies have focused on exercise performance 1 hour after ingestion. Bonati et al. (1982) made the assumption that the ergogenic effect is related to the circulating level of the drug in the blood. Thus maximal effects are assumed to occur 1 hour after ingestion, when peak blood concentrations are observed. Studies by Nehlig and Derby (1994) suggested that waiting 3hours may be more optimal because the caffeine-induced effect on lipolysis is greater than at earlier times after ingestion. However, the hypothesis that the ergogenic effect from caffeine is due to an enhanced free fatty acid mobilization and tissue utilization has not found much support in the recent literature. On Exercise Using 24 well trained cyclists, Hogervorst et al. (2008) established that not only does a bar containing 100mg of caffeine have an impact on physiological endurance performance but also a complex cognitive ability during and after exercise. Crowe et al. (2006) conducted a similar test involving cycling and found both positive and negative results from the caffeine/placebo supplementation. Plasma caffeine concentrations significantly increased after caffeine ingestion; however, there were no positive effects on cognitive or blood parameters except a significant decrease in plasma potassium concentrations at rest. Potentially negative effects of caffeine included significantly higher blood lactate compared to control and significantly slower time to peak power in exercise bout 2 compared to control and placebo. Caffeine had no significant effect on peak power, work output, RPE, or peak heart rate. On Short Sprints There have been many studies that have looked at the effects of caffeine on short sprints or short duration high intensity exercises, which recreate in game scenarios from team sports. A study by Stuart et al (2005) on rugby players showed that caffeine is likely to produce substantial enhancement of several aspects of high-intensity team-sport performance. The effects of caffeine on mean performance ( ±90% confidence limits) on sprint speeds were, 0.5% ( ±1.7%) through 2.9% ( ±1.3%), showing a stong positive correlation regarding sprint speeds. The study involved straight line sprints but also consisted of tests to measure passing accuracy, agility and power. A more specific study by Glaister et al (2008) focused on the effects of caffeine on multiple sprints, this involved 12 x 30 metre sprints with 35 second intervals. Relative to placebo, caffeine supplementation resulted in a 0.06-s (1.4%) reduction in fastest sprint time (95% likely range = 0.04-0.09 s), wh ich corresponded with a 1.2% increase in fatigue (95% likely range = 0.3-2.2%). The study found that caffeine has ergogenic properties with the potential to benefit performance in both single and multiple sprint sports, although the effect of recovery duration on caffeine-induced responses to multiple sprint work requires further investigation. In contrast, Paton et al (2001) had a similar study design but the observed effect of caffeine ingestion on mean sprint performance and fatigue over 10 sprints was negligible. The true effect on mean performance could be small at most, although the true effects on fatigue and on the performance of individuals could be somewhat larger. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of caffeine on mean sprint times (s), fastest sprint times (s), RPE and fatigue from 30m multiple sprints. By using female participants this develops a new area of research as previous research is focused solely on male or mixed participants. 2.3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Resulting Hypotheses After reviewing the literature, hypotheses were formulated for the purpose of this study. Hypothesis 1: H0 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There will be no significant difference in fastest sprint times following the consumption of 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of caffeine as compared to the non caffeine condition. Ha There will be a significant difference in fastest sprint times following the consumption of 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of caffeine as compared to the non caffeine condition. Hypothesis 2: H0 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There will be no significant difference in mean sprint times following the consumption of 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of caffeine as compared to the non caffeine condition. Ha There will be a significant difference in mean sprint times following the consumption of 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of caffeine as compared to the non caffeine condition. Hypothesis 3: H0 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There will be no significant difference in rate of perceived exertion (RPE) following the consumption of 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of caffeine, compared to the non caffeine condition. Ha There will be a significant difference in rate of perceived exertion (RPE) following the consumption of 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of caffeine, compared to the non caffeine condition. Hypothesis 4: H0 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There will be no significant difference in fatigue following the consumption of 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of caffeine compared to the non caffeine condition. Ha There will be a significant difference in fatigue following the consumption of 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of caffeine compared to the non caffeine condition. CHAPTER 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Subjects Twelve female subjects (20  ± 2 yr, 1.64  ± 0.05 m, 58.9  ± 3.9 kg) from the University of Gloucestershire volunteered to take part in this investigation which was conducted in the Sports Hall at the Oxstalls Campus.                                              All subjects participated in a multiple sprint sport on a regular basis. They played one of tennis, badminton, squash, football, hockey, rugby and lacrosse for the university and at a moderate standard so therefore were considered to have a sound level of baseline fitness. Participants from these teams trained at least once a week and were also involved in a match once a week. Before proceeding with the test, all of the subjects were informed of the testing procedure and how the data was going to be used in this study. Participants were given a list, outlining suitable kit to wear for the tests. Questionnaires were handed out to the participants to find out how many hours a week they participated in sport and their daily caffeine consumption levels. Before commencing, the participants filled out a health questionnaire to enable participation and signed an informed consent form. The subjects were advised to maintain their normal diet over the duration of the last two experimental runs, and were advised not to drink or eat 1 hour before testing. It was also important not to consume any caffeine, alcohol or any other stimulant products from a list provided to them, at least 24 hours before each experimental test and not to perform any strenuous exercise 24 hours prior to testing. Any subjects not being able to comply with the guidelines were eliminated from t he test. 3.2 Experimental Procedures All the participants undertook 3 multiple sprint tests in total, 1 familiarization test to get use to the experiment and outline any problems and then the latter 2 will were the repeated measures experimental tests. These tests consisted of 12 x 30m straight sprints and were repeated at 30 second intervals. Light gates (Brower Timing Light Gate System) were set up at either end of the 30m track to record times. Regarding the last two trials they were conducted single blinded so that results could be compared between the two groups. All the trials were run at approximately the same time of day and spaced a couple of days apart. Personal information from each participant including age, height (SC126 wall mounted Stadiometer : Holtain Limited, Crymych, Dyfed), and body mass (Seca 888 electronic personal scale : seca gmbh and co Ltd, Medizinsche Waggen und Messsysteme), were collected at the familiarization test too, ready for the experimental tests. After the final test, participants w ere asked if they could identify the difference between the placebo and caffeine and to express their reasons for this. The testing was performed in a controlled environment, using an indoor sports hall with a hard solid ground with inbuilt shock pads under the surface. Data being collected was average speed (ms-1), RPE, fatigue and fastest and slowest sprint times (s). All equipment was calibrated prior to testing. 3.3 Pre-Test On the day of each experimental run, participants were administered either the placebo or caffeine 1 hour before the testing is due to start in order for the affect of caffeine to be absorbed into their system. The caffeine dosage administered was 5 mgà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢kg-1 of body mass; rounding to the nearest 50mg. 10 minutes before each multiple sprint test participants undertook a standardized warm up which lasted for approximately 5 minutes. It included a 400 metre jog at their own pace, a series of sprint drills incorporating high knees, heel flicks and walking lunges to replicate the test and some practice sprints. Five minutes before the test, participants performed some stretches and gave themselves some time to get ready physically and mentally. 3.4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Testing In order to prevent false triggering with the light gates, participants started 1 m behind the line. The gates were set up at the start line and 30m along on the finish line. After the sprint, the subjects stayed down the same end as they finished in order to maximise recovery time between sprints, this lasted for 30 seconds. The countdown for each sprint was performed manually and will last 5 seconds. Each participant was verbally encouraged by others in order for them to try and work at their maximal effort. 3.5 Data Collection and Statistical Analysis With regards to the reliability of multiple sprints testing, it has previously been established by Glaister et al (2007) that high degrees of testà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"retest reliability can be obtained in many multiple sprint running indices without the need for prior familiarization. However, for this experiment, the familiarization test helped the researcher get use to the testing procedures to allow smother running on the experimental runs. Average speed (ms-1) for each participant was calculated using the timing gates, along with this, fastest and slowest sprint times were recorded too. Each participant was asked their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after every sprint using Borgà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1982) 6-20 scale. The last component being measured was the effects of caffeine on fatigue from the multiple sprints, by using the percentage decrement calculation as used by Glaister et al (2004): Fatigue = (100 x (total sprint time/ideal sprint time)) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 100 The total sprint time is the sum of all the sprints by the participant, divided by the ideal time, which is the time of the fastest sprint multiplied by how many sprints that were performed. Multiply the answer by 100 and then subtract 100 and you get the fatigue index of the individual. Data will be analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows. This way comparison between the two data sets can be made. The test used was a repeated measures dependant t-test, with a 95% confidence level. This is used when there is only one sample that has been tested twice (repeated measures). If the calculated statistical significance (95% confidence level), then the null hypothesis (H0) which states that the two groups do not differ is rejected in favour of the hypothesis, which states that the groups do differ and that there is an effect. 3.6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Facilities and Equipment Gaining access to facilities and equipment will need to be addressed in advance so that equipment isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t already booked out and that the facility is booked early enough so that it gives enough time to analyse results and write up the final proposal before the submission deadline. As the test was undertaken in the University Sports hall it was easier to book out than that of a public hall. The hall was booked out through phoning the university sports office and organising a time suitable for both needs. For the purpose of the study a wall mounted stadiometer, stopwatch, scales, placebo, light gates, a computer with a statistical analysis program and caffeine tablets were acquired. 3.7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Budget All costs were identified before the study was undertaken. None of the participants were paid for their participation. The hall was booked out for three 1 hour slots equating to  £60 ( £20 per hour), due to the affiliation with the University the hall was free of charge but if it was to be booked by a member of the public, these costs would need to be included. The cost of the caffeine was  £10 for ninety 200mg tablets, and the placebo pills cost  £3 per 50. 3.8 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ethical Considerations The participants received a voluntary informed consent form, which outlined the procedure, how the data was collected and how the data was used and by who. The data will be kept private under the Data Protection Act 1998 and data canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be linked to an individual participant. All participants were above the age of 18 so that they can give their own consent, also they were participating voluntarily. A health questionnaire was administered to find out any potential health risks, along with a list stating the possible effects of caffeine. Once all this information was given, participants were given the chance to refrain from participating. Participants were told that placebo was given instead of caffeine to half the population and not to the other half. There is a sense of deception due to the participants not knowing if they are taking the caffeine or the placebo, but there is no medical risk and if told it can affect the results of the study. 3.9 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Temporal Plan WEEKS Objective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Write Introduction Write Method Write Literature Review Search for Participants and Inform them Constuct Activity Questionnaires Construct Daily Caffeine Questionnaires Construct Health Questionnaires Hand out all Questionnaires Construct Consent forms Book Hall Gather Equipment Get Participants to sign consent forms Familiarization Test Day Work out Caffeine Volumes per participant Prepare caffeine tablets and placebo Record Information from familiarisation trial Create data sheet to record on during test days Test 1 and 2 Analyse Results Discussion Conclusion Abstract Check work and proof read Hand In              CHAPTER 4.0 RESULTS Fig 2 shows the mean times of all twelve sprints by the participants and the relationship between caffeine and placebo times. Fig 3 shows the mean fastest sprint time by the participants and the relationship between caffeine and placebo times. Fig 4 shows the mean Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) by the participants over twelve sprints and the relationship between caffeine and placebo. Fig 5 shows the mean fatigue % decrement by the participants and the relationship between caffeine and placebo. CHAPTER 5.0 DISCUSSION 5.1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Justification of statistical analysis 5.2 Analysis of Results in relation to the hypotheses 5.3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Comparison of results in relation to previous studies 5.4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Implications of results in relation to the mechanisms 5.5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Considerations of caffeine ingestion 5.6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Justification of Methodology 5.7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Criticisms/Limitations of investigation CHAPTER 6.0 CONCLUSION References * Bell, D.G. and McLellan, T.M. (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Exercise endurance 1,3,and 6h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(4), pp. 1227-1234. * Bonati, M, Latini, R, Galletti, F, Young, J.F, Tognoni, G. and Garattini, S. (1982) Caffeine disposition after oral doses. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 32, pp. 98-106. * Borg, G. (1982) Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2(2), pp92à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"8. * Cadarette, B.S, Levine, L, Berube, C.L, Posner, B.M. Evans, W.J. (1982) Effects of varied dosages of caffeine on endurance exercise to fatigue, In: Knuttgen, H. eds. Biochemistry of Exercise, Boston, MA: Human Kinetics, pp871-7. * Crowe, M.J, Leicht, A.S. Spinks, W.L. (2006) Physiological and cognitive responses to caffeine during repeated high-intensity exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16(5), pp528à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"544. * Fredholm, B.B, Battig, K, Holmen, J, Nehlig, A. Zvartau, E.E. (1999) Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacological Review, 51, pp83-133. * Glaister, M, Hughes, M, Moir, G.L, Stewart, A.M. Stone, M.H. (2004) The reliability and validity of fatigue measures during short-duration maximal-intensity intermittent cycling. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(3), pp459à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"462. * Glaister, M, Abraham, C.S, Goodwin, J.E, Howatson, G, Lockey, R.A. McInnes, G. (2007) Familiarization and reliability of multiple sprint running performance indices. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), pp857à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"9. * Graham, T.E, Helge, J.W, MacLean, D.A, Kiens, B, Richter, E.A. (2000) Caffeine ingestion does not alter carbohydrate or fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Journal of Physiology, 529, pp837-847. * Graham, T.E. (2001) Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Medicine, 31(11), pp785à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"807. * Hogevorst, E, Bandelow, S, Schmitt, J, Jentens, R, Oliveira, M, Allgrove, J, Carter, T. Gleeson, M. (2008) Caffeine Improves Physical and Cognitive Performance during Exhaustive Exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(10), pp1841à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1851. * Lorist, M.M, Snel, J. Kok, A. (1994) Influence of caffeine on information processing stages in well rested and fatigued subjects. Psychopharmacology, 113, pp411-421. * Nehlig, A. Debry, G. (1994) Caffeine and sports activity: a review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, pp215-223. * Paton, C. D, Hopkins, W.G. Vollebregt, L. (2001) Little effect of caffeine ingestion on repeated sprints in team-sport athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), pp822à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"825. * Stuart, G. R, Hopkins, W. G, Cook, C. Cairns, S. P. (2005) Multiple Effects of Caffeine on Simulated High-Intensity Team-Sport Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(11), pp1998à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2005. New Maughan, R. J.; Griffin, J. (2003). Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics 16 (6): 411. ^ Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Maresh CM, Ganio MS (2007). Caffeine, fluid-electrolyte balance, temperature regulation, and exercise-heat tolerance. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 35 (3): 135à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"140. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ 2058339. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ 4084271. NOHA H. FARAGa, ANDREA S. VINCENTa,b, BARBARA S. MCKEYb, MUSTAFA ALABSI, THOMAS L. WHITSETTc, and WILLIAM R. LOVALLOa,b Journal of Psychophysiology. 2006: 43(4): 337à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"343. Sex differences in the hemodynamic responses to mental stress: Effect of caffeine consumption Conway, K.J., Orr, R., and Stannard, S.R. 2003. Effect of a divided caffeine dose on endurance cycling performance, postexercise urinary caffeine concentration, and plasma paraxanthine. J. Appl. Physiol. 94: 1557à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1562. Schwenk,T. L. (1997). Psychoactive drugs and athletic performance. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 25(1),pp 32-46. Pasman, W.J., van Baak, M.A., Jeukendrup, A.E. de Haan, A. (1995). The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 16(4), pp225-30. Butts NK, Crowell D. Effect of caffeine ingestion on cardiorespiratory endurance in men and women. Res Q Exerc Sport 1985; 56: 301-5 Falk B, Burnstein R, Rosenblum J, et al. Effects of caffeine ingestion on body fluid balance and thermoregulation during exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1990; 68: 889-92 Greer F, Friars D, Graham TE. Comparison of caffeine and theophylline ingestion: exercise metabolism and endurance. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89: 1837-44 Graham TE, Spriet LL.Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 867-74 Applegate E. Grivetti L. (1997). Search for the competitive edge: A History of dietary fads and supplements. The Journal of Nutrition: 1996 ASNS Symposium Proceedings, 127(5S), 869S-873S. Retrieved October 30, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 11802051). Glaister M, Stone MH, Stewart AM, Hughes M, Moir GL. The reliability and validity of fatigue measures during short-duration maximal-intensity intermittent cycling. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(3):459à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"62. GLAISTER, M., G. HOWATSON, C. S. ABRAHAM, R. A. LOCKEY, J. E. GOODWIN, P. FOLEY, and G. MCINNES. Caffeine Supplementation and Multiple Sprint Running Performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1835à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1840, 2008. K.S. Kendler, and C.A. Prescott, (1999) Caffeine Intake, Tolerance, and Withdrawal in Women: A Population-Based Twin Study, American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, pp. 223-228, PHILLIPS-BUTEB. G and LANEJ. D. (1997) Caffeine withdrawal symptoms following brief caffeine deprivation, Journal of Physiology behaviour,63(1),pp.35-39 EQUIPMENT REFERENCES READ OVER WORK APPENDICIES Appendix A: Summary of Data Appendix B: Data Appendix C: Individual Raw Data Appendix D: APPENDIX A Summary of Data i Summary of Data APPENDIX B DATA ii APPENDIX C Individual Raw Data iii Name:
Friday, May 15, 2020
Essay about If You Forget Me - 1048 Words
Analysis for â€Å"If You Forget Me†As a world renowned poem, â€Å"If You Forget Me†, which was written by Pablo Neruda, can be considered as the benchmark in literary circles, not only because of its excellent use of language, but also a variety of literary devices that are included. The most obvious device that is used in this poem is metaphor. Although it seems to be as a love poem for author’s beloved, it can also be considered a kind of love that the author devotes to his homeland. As the background of this poem that I have researched, â€Å"If You Forget Me†was written during the era of political unrest in Chile, and Pablo Neruda had to exile to foreign countries. However, Neruda never forgot his homeland where he still wanted to contribute†¦show more content†¦These imageries are all related to yearly seasons, and they also imply when and how the author will leave. Also, simile exists in this poem. For instance, â€Å"as if everything that exist, Aromas, light, medals.†is a simile that illustrates Pablo’s idealsâ€â€receive more honors in order to let his love realize the vital value of him, or on the other hand, let his homeland realize his capability and accept him again. In fact, alliterations are also used throughout this poem. A couple of examples, such as â€Å"If I look at the crystal moon†and â€Å"If I touch near the fire†seem repetitious, because â€Å"If†is repeated line after line at least twice. This emphasizes that these situations, which are described in this poem, are merely his thoughts and it is unknown whether they will happen in the future or not. No one can predict one’s future. However, he has made the decision â€Å"if you forget me†â€â€if his love chooses to forget him, he will forget her as well, but if she still loves him, he will love her as he did before, like he said, â€Å"in me all that fire is repeated†and â€Å"in me nothing is extinguished or forgotten†. Also, there is assonance used at the end, such as â€Å"live†, â€Å"mine†in the last two lines. This assonance makes the poem more rhyming, and readers can relate to love when reading it. In addition, the love that is mentioned in thisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of If You Forget Me1128 Words  | 5 PagesPablo Neruda’s, â€Å"If You Forget Me†explores the relationship between lovers in cases of differing degrees of affection. It begins with a description of all the things that remind him of his love. It then shifts to the repercussions of a forgotten love, finally finishing with two lovers mutually committed to each other. Throughout, Neruda uses personification, metaphors, repetition, juxtaposition, periodic sentences, and imagery to express the dependence of a relationship on the fervor of the attachmentRead MoreIf You Forget Me By Pablo Neruda1479 Words  | 6 PagesThomas Jang Professor D. Sarmiento English 110 September 28, 2016 Never Forget Me Many of us have felt that our view of love frequently changes. Pablo Neruda’s â€Å"If You Forget Me†is a great depiction of how love can be viewed from two different aspects. Neruda talks to his lover in a very romantic yet threatening way. He does this by being straight forward and detailed in his poem. Neruda starts the piece by presenting a loving and romantic picture for his lover, reminding her how much he lovesRead MorePersonification In If You Forget Me By Pablo Nruda1027 Words  | 5 Pageseverything carries me to you ,as if everything that exists,aromas,light,metals,were little boats that sail toward those isles of yours that wait for me.This phrase conveys that the feelings that exist Romantic relationships,contains emotions that both partner share for each other,when conflict begins to arise animosity causes the separation within the relationship from those two people.This may or may not leave mutual feeling for each other.However,within the poem â₠¬Å"IF You Forget Me†by Pablo NerudaRead MoreAnalysis Of If You Forget Me By Pablo Neruda1027 Words  | 5 Pagesmutual feeling for each other.However,within the poem â€Å"IF You Forget Me†by Pablo Neruda emanates the message,regardless of what may had happened between you and someone else in a intimate relationship the bond between them will either last forever or disappear between each other.But, no matter what the feeling of â€Å"If You Forget Me†is mutual by the author uses of  metaphor,express to attempt to tell his lover that he will forget her if she forgets him,in the same instant that it might happen.As EquallyRead MoreIf you forget me pablo Naruda Essay975 Words  | 4 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"If You Forget Me†Pablo Neruda This poem dramatizes the conflict between the poet’s passionate burning desire and unconditional love for a woman, and his stern attitude toward her if she doesn’t feel the same. By demonstrating excellent personification, imagery, and sentimentality, this poet portrays love, compassion, and optimism. Although the poet expresses deep emotion for his love, he also acknowledges that love can be dangerous, and refuses to be damaged. To begin with, while explicatingRead MoreHow Long, O Lord? Will You Forget Me Forever?2521 Words  | 11 PagesHow long, O LORD? Will you forget me forever? How long will you hide your face from me? How long must I bear pain in my soul, and have sorrow in my heart all day long? How long shall my enemy be exalted over me? Psalm 13:1-2, NSRV In my ministry as a hospital chaplain, I have grappled with a theology that would be applicable and practical for those who are in a state of disorientation struggling to find meaning in the face of grief when they enter those hospital doors. Disorientation isRead More360 Spp Essay746 Words  | 3 Pagesâ€Å"360 DJS†is a good app for me and it’s free on computers or laptops. You can write every expiration date which is important for you, and the app will show how much time left such as 1 day, 5 hours, 6 minutes, and 6 seconds that you can check; for the important festivals, you can find in the app because the app have already record every important festival automatically, such as Chinese New Year, and the app will briefly introduce the festivals in one or two sentences; you can also write the remindingsRead MoreI Am A Dark Cloud1542 Words  | 7 PagesDo you know someone who relives their past every day? Are they always sad, depressed and/or angry? Or maybe jus t stressed and rethinking their whole life situation? Maybe something or someone has completely drained them or brain washed them and they can’t continue their lives in a positive way. A person may have a psychological problem where they may never get over a certain situation that happened in their life. Every person around the world has a totally different life story. Often times many peopleRead MoreThe Worst Nightmare - Original Writing1072 Words  | 5 Pagesgive up. You feel as if you just want to be numb. You can t take it anymore, no matter what the age. Memories can be wonderful but they also can be your worst nightmare. Kate. My friend had been in that position reasonly. I ll never forget the way she acted about a month before it really hit her. The best word to describe it: Broke. Completely utterly broken. She canceled everyone out and kept her distance from friends and family. I never left though. She tried but couldn t get rid of me. I willRead MoreSpeech On Alzheimer s Disease Essay726 Words  | 3 Pagesabout. Then it hit me. Alzheimer’s Disease it has affected my life so much and I know so much about it. So I am going to tell you how it has affected my life in more ways than one. Before I start I want you to imagine something. Look around you know everyone right? All these faces you see practically see everyday take all that you know about them and forget it. Can you do it? I can’t. So try to imagine now that it could happen to you years down the road and the disease gets so bad you cant remember your
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Nike - 1217 Words
13/3/2013 Nike, Inc. Cost of Capital 1 Discussion Questions †¢ What is the WACC and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? What does it represent? Is the WACC set by investors or by managers? †¢ Do you agree with Joanna Cohen’s WACC calculation? Why or why not? If you do not agree with Cohen’s analysis, calculate your own WACC for Nike and be prepared to justify your assumptions. What mistakes did Joanna Cohen make in her analysis? Which method is best for calculating the cost of equity? †¢ Calculate the costs of equity using CAPM, the dividend discount model, and the earnings capitalization ratio. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? †¢ What should Kimi Ford recommend regarding an†¦show more content†¦2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Assumptions Revenue Growth 7.0% 6.5% 6.5% 6.5% 6.0% 6.0% 6.0% 6.0% 6.0% 6.0% COGS (% sales) 60.0% 60.0% 59.5% 59.5% 59.0% 59.0% 58.5% 58.5% 58.0% 58.0% SA (% sales) 28.0% 27.5% 27.0% 26.5% 26.0% 25.5% 25.0% 25.0% 25.0% 25.0% Operating Expenses 88.0% 87.5% 86.5% 86.0% 85.0% 84.5% 83.5% 83.5% 83.0% 83.0% Tax Rate 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 38.0% 11.5% 11.5% 11.5% 11.5% 11.5% 11.5% 11.5% 11.5% 11.5% 11.5% Current Assets (% sales) Current Liabilities (% sales) WACC 10.83% Terminal Growth Rate 3% Cost of debt 7.17% Cost of equity 11.54% Outstanding Shares 271.5 11 DCF - Free Cash Flow Growth Method Discounted Cash Flow Calculations (In Millions) Revenue 2002 10,153.0 2003 10,813.0 2004 11,515.8 Operating Income 1,218.4 1,351.6 1,554.6 Taxes 463.0 513.6 590.8 2005 12,264.3 2006 13,000.2 2007 13,780.2 2008 14,607.0 2009 15,483.4 2010 16,412.4 2011 17,397.2 1717 1950 2,135.9 2,410.2 2,554.8 2,790.1 2,957.5 652.5 741.0 811.7 915.9 970.8 1,060.2 1,123.9 NOPAT 755.4Show MoreRelatedNike And Nike Vs. Nike1268 Words  | 6 PagesAdidas and Nike are two major athletic clothing companies on the market. The two brands are both commonly worn by athletes. Nike has endorsed some of the top athletes in the world. Take Michael Jordan for example, Nike created an entire brand off his name, â€Å"Air Jordan’s.†Adidas also has multiple athletes that advertise for them including soccer player David Beckham. The two companies have been in constant competition with their footwear and apparel for several years. Deciding between the two brandsRead MoreNike And New Balance : Nike937 Words  | 4 PagesNike and New Balance Introduction Nike and New Balance both are companies that sell sports apparel. Nike brand is one of the most popular brands and has been around years and has the popular slogan â€Å"Just Do It†. Nike’s goal is to make products to every person by making sports apparel that will decrease injuries, enhance performance, and lastly that will feel good to wear. On the other hand, New Balance is not as popular. New Balance is still trying to become one of the top brands for sports apparelRead MoreNike And Challenges Of Nike Inc. Essay1349 Words  | 6 PagesExecutive Summary Nike was founded in 1972 by Philip Knight and Bill Bowerman. The focus of this report would be an analysis of how Nike’s manages and delivers its service to its customers. It also looks into Nike’s emphasis on its product quality and innovative design to meet the ever changing consumer preferences. By looking at its current strategies that Nike adopt and its appropriateness, this report will provide you a better understanding on how consumer see Nike and challenges that Nike Inc. facesRead MoreNike : Nike, Inc.1965 Words  | 8 PagesNike, Inc. NIKE, Inc. â€Å"was founded by William Jay Bowerman and Philip H. Knight in 1964 and is headquartered in Beaverton, OR†(Nike, Inc.). NIKE, Inc. concentrates on NIKE Brand and Jordan Brand products divided in seven key categories: Nike sportswear, football, action sports, women and men’s training, basketball and running. The operating segments for its Brand are: North America, China, Japan, Western, Central Eastern Europe and Emerging Markets. Its wholly-owned subsidiaries include ConverseRead MoreBrand Analysis : Nike And Nike1300 Words  | 6 PagesBrand Analysis: a case study of NIKE Background of Nike: Nike Inc. is an American corporation that was founded in 1971 and extended its market to the globe. It is known as one of the largest supplier for sports-related products in worldwide. The company mainly focus on selling athletic shoes, sportswear and other sports-related products. In year 2014 its brand value was valued at 19 billion, making it the most valuable brand among all sports-related business. By the end of 2015, It had an incomeRead MoreNike : Business Analysis : Nike1484 Words  | 6 PagesNike Business Analysis Donny Otwell, Jasen Saavedra, Mohamed Takkouch Business 10 Mrs. Rochin December 5, 2016 Donny Otwell, Jasen Saavedra, Mohamed Takkouch Mrs. Rochin Bus 10 December 5, 2016 NIKE Although facing major competition throughout their history, Nike has been able to grow from a two-man team into a multibillion-dollar corporation in less than 40 years. Nike was started in 1971 after Phil Knight had done research with FormerRead MoreNike s Marketing Plan For Nike Essay962 Words  | 4 PagesFounded January 25, 1967, NIKE, Inc. (About Nike, 2016) became one of the biggest designing and marketing companies across the globe. A designer and marketer, Nike sells athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories for men, women and children/infants. The company has three major brands as found on their product portfolio: NIKE, Jordan, Hurley and Converse. Their product is sold through-out North America, Central America, South America, Asia-Pacific, Africa, the Middle East and Europe andRead MoreCompetitive Analysis Of Nike Vs. Nike1497 Words  | 6 Pagescompetitors to Nike are Adidas, Reebok, Under Armor and Puma and the minor competitors are ASICS and VANS. In accordance with Porter’s 5 Forces, Nike has faced competition by using different and distinct capabilities in marketing. One attribute to such capability is its va lue or benefit offered to its customers. The intensity of competition from its competitors is high for each firm competes in various key areas of business. For example, Adidas has loyal customers who are soccer players, while Nike has highRead MoreNike s Financial Analysis : Nike2236 Words  | 9 PagesCornerstone University â€Æ' Nike Financial Analysis On January 25th, 1964 a hand shake changed the world. It was on this day that a track athlete, Phil Knight, and his previous coach, Bill Bowerman, from the University of Oregon founded Blue Ribbon Sports. Blue Ribbon Sports operated under this name for roughly eight years, and then became known as the globally infamous, Nike. In 1972 the first line of Nike footwear debuted. The company was so successful that in its first year Nike,Inc. cleared 1.96 millionRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike, Adidas, Aon, And Nike1161 Words  | 5 Pagesthe best favorable terms to woe more customers. The sports industry is not any exception. The industry confronts lots of competition amongst its key players. The major players as discussed in the industry analysis paper are Puma, Adidas, AON, and Nike. This essay entails a discussion of the competitive strategies each firm has over the others, giving reasons why the brands have been exceptional in the market. Strengths and weaknesses of Puma A SWOT analysis may be utilized to investigate into the
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Stakeholder Management and Addition Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about the Stakeholder Management and Addition. Answer: Stakeholder's management Stakeholders are groups affected by a project in one way or the other (Morgan, Pritchard and Piggott 2003). In this case, stakeholders are students, university management, organizations and companies providing creative content to the public. Students will find organizations and companies from where they can seek internship opportunities and even employment upon graduation. Universitymanagement will provide valuable information to bring alumni together, who will mentor and encourage the current students. Furthermore, creative companies will have a pool of students from where they can choose top talents to drive their growth strategies. Additionally, the website will provide old and current students with a platform to showcase their talents and sell their ability to potential employers and even get opportunities to stage their talents to the public. Value addition According to Keeney and Keeney (2009), value addition involves adding features to a basic line. The website will add value to students by giving them real-time exposure to the creative industry. They will be studying alongside engaging in practical creative activities. Besides, the site will help student commercialize their talents to the public for financial gains. When several students get a stage to tell their story, they will be harnessing cultural practices of the society which help perverse original societal culture. In addition to bringing different students together, there is growth in social infrastructure since different students stage variety of cultural practices. Above all, students get opportunities to showcase their talents which ultimately contribute to their career and professional development. They overcome stage fright besides improving on communication and public speaking Resourcing Resources are very vital in driving development agenda for individuals, companies, and organizations (Bhagavatula et al. 2010). The project will require financial resources to design and host the website. The website will also require personnel to upload creative content and handle inquiries from the stakeholders. We shall request the university through the creative department to finance website designing and hosting. Since the project directly caters for student welfare, we shall request the head of student welfare to hire and train one person who will handle inquiries as students will be in class. Apart from the university, the creative students shall also subscribe to the website where they will pay a small fee to organize creative events for skills development. The old student can sponsor public stages where students will showcase their cultural dances, plays and even drama to build their skills and also get income from entry charges (Barrowclough and Kozul-Wright 2008). References Barrowclough, D. and Kozul-Wright, Z. eds., 2008.Creative industries and developing countries: voice, choice and economic growth. Taylor Francis. Bhagavatula, S., Elfring, T., Van Tilburg, A. and Van De Bunt, G.G., 2010. How social and human capital influence opportunity recognition and resource mobilization in India's handloom industry.Journal of Business Venturing,25(3), pp.245-260. Keeney, R.L. and Keeney, R.L., 2009.Value-focused thinking: A path to creative decision making. Harvard University Press. Morgan, N.J., Pritchard, A. and Piggott, R., 2003. Destination branding and the role of the stakeholders: The case of New Zealand.Journal of vacation marketing,9(3), pp.285-299.
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